“And God spoke to Moses and said to him:
"I am the LORD. I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, as God
Almighty, but by My name, LORD, I was not known to them” (Ex 6:2-3, NKJV). “God Almighty”
is English for El Shaddai, which is
actually a title.
In a Hebrew Union College Annual article in 1961, Sigmund Mowinchel
analyzed the passage: “It is generally recognized that (Exodus) 6:2-3 states
that the name (YHWH) was not known
till it was revealed to Moses, and that to the patriarchs God had appeared as
El Shaddai.”62
A pre-Mosaic Name?
After Eve gave birth to Cain, she
referred to G-d as “the LORD.” “And Adam
knew Eve his wife; and she conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a
man from the LORD” (Gen 4:1). As we know, the term “the LORD” has been
placed as a substitute in nearly all the verses where the Tetragrammaton (Four-Lettered Name) had originally been
written.
After Adam’s
grandson Enos by Seth was born, men began to invoke the Name of “the L-RD.” “And to Seth, to him also there was born a
son; and he called his name Enos: then began men to call upon the name of the
LORD” (Gen 4:25-26).
Abraham, who lived some 500 years
before G-d revealed His Four-Lettered Name to Moses, also called on the Name of
“the L-RD.” “And the LORD appeared unto
Abram, and said, Unto thy seed will I give this land: and there builded he an
altar unto the LORD, who appeared unto him. And he removed from thence unto a
mountain on the east of Bethel, and pitched his tent, having Bethel on the
west, and Hai on the east: and there he builded an altar unto the LORD, and called
upon the name of the LORD” (Gen 12:7-8).
We can see that the first men,
long before Moses was born, called on the Name of “the L-RD.” What was that
Name? Did the patriarchs know a primeval sacred Name that was different from YHWH?
A deeper meaning?
The Encyclopedia Judaica notes the differing opinions: “According to
the documentary hypothesis, the literary sources in the Pentateuch known as the
Elohist and the Priestly Document never use the name (YHWH) for God until it is
revealed to Moses (Ex. 3:13; 6:2-3); but the Yahwist source uses it from
Genesis 2:4 on and puts the name in Eve’s declaration, ‘I along with (YHWH)
have made a man,’ thus implying that it was known to the first human generation
(Gen. 4:1; cf 4:26).”63
Mowinchel believes the Name YHWH
was known to the first men. “The earliest Israelite historian J uses the name
Yahweh in the patriarchal stories without any reservation, and in his opinion
it was known already by the third generation of mankind; at the time of Enosh,
the son of Seth, (men) – or as the Vulgate says: he – began to call upon the
name of Yahweh… the tribes that under the leadership of Moses – became the
people of Israel, already knew and worshiped… Yahweh… What Exod. 3:16 tells us is that the deeper
meaning of the name was revealed to Moses by Yahweh himself… When the elders of
the people hear that he knows even the mysterious meaning of the name, then
they must believe that he is telling the truth.
“In J’s opinion it was not the
name of Yahweh, which was revealed to Moses here – that was known already by
Enosh centuries before – but the deeper meaning, which according to Yahwistic
tradition and the theology of the ‘school’ of J, was hidden in the name.”64
The meaning of His Name that the
L-RD gave to Moses in Exodus 3:14 is “I AM THAT I AM.” On the other hand,
Mowinchel fails to say if J (Jahwistic or Yahwistic source) gives the least bit
of a hint as to what the deeper, hidden meaning of G-d’s Sacred Name is
supposed to be.
Another, earlier
Name.
If G-d revealed the Tetragrammaton
for the first time only to Moses, then the Name of G-d that Adam and Eve, Seth,
Enos, Abraham, and others knew and called upon was not YHWH. Clearly, it was another, earlier Name. But why does “the
L-RD,” which was used to replace YHWH
in Scriptures, occur as early as in the book of Genesis?
Could it be that Moses, who wrote
the first five books of the Bible, in his great zeal and esteem for the sacred
Name revealed to him, began using the Tetragrammaton in the Scriptural text
right from the account of the creation of Adam (Gen 2:4)?
Alternative suffixal
form
We have seen that in Israelite
theoporic names, the suffix -iah or -jah is actually the abbreviated or
Two-Lettered Name of G-d, Yah. The Encyclopaedia Judaica, however, informs
us that the suffix has yet another form. “This is confirmed, at least for the
vowel of the first syllable of the name, by the shorter form Yah, which is
sometimes used in poetry (e.g., Ex. 15:2) and the -yahu or -yah that serves as
the final syllable in many Hebrew names.”65 The alternative form is
-yahu.
The Jewish Encyclopedia corroborates this, saying that the two short
forms of the Name appear as “Yahu or Yah in the second part of such names.”66
Seow gives an example: “In the final position it appears as -yahu (-iah) or -yah (-iah) as in the alternate spellings for ‘Azariah,’ Azaryahu and Azaryah.”67 In this vein, throughout the Hebrew Scriptures
the name of the prophet Elijah, except on four or five occasions, is spelled
Eliyahu, with a waw in the end. Is
there much difference between the two? They are probably as different as two
kingdoms were from one another.
2 kingdoms, 2
suffixes.
After King Solomon died around 975
B.C., the Israelite monarchy broke up into two -- the ten-tribe kingdom of Israel kingdom of Judah Judah Israel
Writer P. Kyle McCarter concurs: “The
expected form of the divine name… when it appears as the final part of a
Judahite personal name in this period (late 7th to the early 6th
centuries B.C.), is yhw, pronounced yahu (long a and u)…”69
Archeological
evidences.
The March-April 1996
issue of Biblical Archaelogy Review featured
a limestone seal from the 7th century B.C. that reads, “Belonging to
Asayahu, servant of the King” (actually a high royal official). The short form
“Asaiah” is in 2 Chronicles 34:20 -- “And
the king commanded Hilkiah... and Asaiah a servant of the king’s...”70
The same issue of the magazine had
a 7th-6th century B.C bulla (seal
impression on clay) used by a scribe to seal a document, which reads,
“Belonging to Berekyahu, son of Neriyahu, the Scribe.” The names have been
abbreviated in the Bible: “Then Jeremiah
called Baruch, the son of Neriah...” (Jer 36:4).71
In its May-June 1994 issue, Biblical Archaelogy Review showed an inscription
above a rock-tomb in Silwan, Israel, that says: “This is (the sepulchre of ...)
yahu, who is over the house.” The
term “over the house” refers to the royal steward, who Bible scholars believe
was Shebnayahu (short form, Shebna) in Isaiah 22:15. “Thus saith the Lord God of hosts, Go, get thee unto this treasurer,
even unto Shebna, which is over the house...”72
Three-Lettered
Name
Scholars have found that Yahu is more than just a suffix, it
actually is another proper Name of G-d, spelled with only three letters of the
Tetragrammaton! This third form became known to “scholars after the discovery
of the independent form YHW in the
Egyptian papyri of the 5th century B.C. from the Elephantine
archives…”73 According to The
New 20th Century Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, in the Old
World the form YHW was used by the Jews in the Elephantine Island in Egypt.74
Last Day Ministries of Texas shares additional information: “There was
evidently a Temple built to YHW in Elephantine, Egypt. Many documents from this
place show that the sacred name was written YHW...”75
Seow suggests that this
three-lettered Name is another short form of the Tetragrammaton. “The final H in
YHWH is not a real consonant… the real consonants of the divine name are YHW… in several inscriptions from
Kuntillet ‘Arjud in the Sinai… (a)mong the attestations of the name in the
inscriptions from that site is one example of YHW… the final vowel not being indicated by the letter H in this instance.”76
Presumed
pronunciation.
In the Dead Sea Scrolls from Qumran , Professor Emeritus George Wesley Buchanan of the
Wesley Theological Seminary in Washington
D.C. Qumran was a Greek text
that included a few Greek word of Leviticus (4QLXX Lev), one of which was the
Tetragrammaton. It was spelled (Ya-oh). This is apparently a two-syllable word,
but the second syllable is only a vowel. There is no way that it could be
rendered ‘Yah-weh.’ This was a transliteration of the Hebrew Ya-ho. It is the
same spelling given in the fifth century B.C. Aramaic papyri. From the Aramaic alone
this word could be pronounced either Ya-hoo or Ya-hoh… When the Tetragrammaton
was pronounced in one syllable it was ‘Yah’ or ‘Yo.’ …If it was ever
abbreviated to two syllables it would have been ‘Yahoo’…”77
The
Century Cyclopedia attests
to it. “The early Gnostics, moreover, when they transcribed it in Greek
characters, wrote Iao (that is, Yaho).”78
Ziony Zevit confirms the “oo”
sound at the end of words: “…waw was used to indicate the final vowel ‘u’… By
employing waw as a m.l. (matres lectionis
or vowel indicator) for ‘o’ in word final positions, some potential
ambiguities were eliminated… in this position there was small opportunity for
confusion between waw as a m.l. for ‘o’ and as a m.l. for ‘u,’ because the
first value would occur exclusively with substantives, while the second, most
frequently with verbs.”79
Hence, YHW can be explained as follows: The first two letters YH are the two consonants of the first
syllable “YaH,” while the third and last letter W is a matres lectionis
indicating the vowel “U.” Therefore, YHW
= YH (“YaH”) + W (“U”) = “YaHU.”
Pronunciation
confirmed.
The
Century Cyclopedia proves
the pronunciation from ancient artifacts: “…we may gather from the contemporary
Assyrian monuments that it was pronounced Yahu. Wherever an Israelitish name is
met with in the cuneiform inscriptions which, like Jehu or Hezekiah, is
compounded with the divine title, the latter appears as Yahu, Jehu being Yahua,
and Hezekiah Khazaki-yahu.”80
Rabbi Heiliczer says it is indeed the
pronunciation in the vowel-pointed Hebrew Scriptures. “Moreover the first three
letters, yud-hey-vuv (YHW), do appear
by themselves in the Tenakh and
always with vowels making the pronunciation ‘yahu’.”81
A curious thing, moreover, has
been observed. If we try to vocalize YHW as vowels only, using the three
consonants used at the end of words to indicate vowel sounds (yod, ee as in “see”; hey, ah
as in “bah”; and waw, oo as in “pool”), the resulting
sound is: ee-ah-oo = Yahu. It seems
that, whether we read the Three-Lettered Name as Hebrew consonants only or pronounce
the characters as vowels only, we get the same result -- “Yahu!”
Both a suffix and a
prefix
Unlike the Two-Lettered Name
“Yah,” which is used only as a suffix, the Three-Lettered Name “Yahu” is used
as both a suffix and a prefix. The Jewish
Encyclopedia notes the use of “the forms Jeho or Yeho, and Jo or Yo (wy, contracted from why), which the word assumes in combination in the first part of
compound proper names, and Yahu or Yah (why,
hy) in the second part of such names.”82
The Encyclopaedia Britannica adds that “the usual form is YH or Yhw,
occurring in unvocalized texts of the 5th and 4th
centuries B.C.E. These forms appear in the Old Testament sporadically as the
independent Yah and regularly as Yah or Yahu at the end and Yeho or Yo at the
beginning of proper names.”83
From
Yahu to Yeho.
The
Century Cyclopedia
informs us that the Three-Lettered Name YHW,
when used as a prefix, “Even according to the Masoretes it must be read Yeho
when it forms part of a proper name.”84
Seow explains the change of Yahu to Yeho when used as a prefix in theoporic names as a linguistic
peculiarity: “…the first vowel was further changed from a to e, in accordance
with rules of Hebrew Grammar.“85 Rabbi Heiliczer thinks it was
introduced on purpose. ”When a Hebrew name in the Masoretic Tenakh begins with
a part of the divine name, the vowels are given as E-O (shortened form of
Eh-O-ah from Eloah). Some examples are: Yehoshaphat (Jehoshaphat) YEHO-Shaphat;
Yehoshua (Joshua) YEHO-Shua.”86
From Yeho- to Yo-,
Jo-.
Yeho-, though, through syncope or word
contraction was further abbreviated to Y’ho-,
before eventually becoming Yo-, then Jo-. Author Garrison tells us that the
form Yehoshua, “in its original
Hebrew form it was Y’hoshua…
frequently abbreviated to Joshua.”87
Seow gives another example: “In personal names, what scholars call the
‘Yahwistic theoporic element’ appears in the initial position as Yeho- (Jeho-) or Yo- (Jo-), as in the two forms for
‘Jonathan,’ Yehonatan and Yonatan.”88
Yo- was written as Io- in Scriptures before the letter “J”
became a consonant. As an Oil Derrick tract explains: “This short form of ‘Io’
as the sacred name can also be seen in the original 1611 King James Version
where it is attached to such Biblical names as Ioshua, Iohn, Ioel, Ionathan,
Ioshaphat, Iosedech, Iochebed, Ioram, Ioseph, Ionadab etc. Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance shows the fuller form of these
names as Yehoshua, Yehochanan, Yehonathan, Yehoshaphat, Yehosedech, Yehoseph,
Yehoram, Yehonadab.”89
Names prefixed with
YHW.
Emeritus professor Buchanan cites
more instances: “The Hebrew for the name ‘Jonathan’ is Yah-ho-na-than, ‘Yaho…
has given.’ John was spelled ‘Yaho-cha-nan’, ‘Yaho… has been gracious.’
Elijah’s name was Eli-yahoo, ‘My God is Yahoo…’ Ancients often gave their
children names that included the name of their deity.”90
One prominent theoporic name today
is the surname of the Israeli prime minister: Netanyahu, which means “given by
(netan) Yahu” (Nethaniah -- 2 Chron 17:8, Jer 36:14, etc.). It was adopted
by his grandfather in Lithuania Europe . When the sacred suffix is
transposed to form the prefix, the name becomes Yahu-netan (“Yahu has
given [netan]”), but is spelled Yeho-natan.
In the course of time Yehonatan has
been contracted to Yonatan. When the
new letter “J” became part of the English alphabet, the name became “Jonathan.”
Incidentally, Prime Minister
Benjamin Netanyahu’s elder brother was redundantly named Jonathan (Yonatan)
Netanyahu. A major in the Israel Defense Forces, he led IDF commandos in
rescuing over 100 hostages held by terrorists in a jetliner at Entebbe Airport Uganda
Below is an illustration of how
some Biblical names developed.
How “Yahu” Became
“Jo” in Theoporic Names
Names
w/ Yahu last*
|
Nethaniah/ Netanyahu
|
Isaiah/ Yeshayahu
|
Hananiah/ Chananyahu
|
Elijah/ Eliyahu
|
Abijah/ Abiyahu
|
Meaning
|
Given
(by) Yahu
|
Salvation (is) Yahu
|
Gracious
(has been) Yahu
|
My
God (is) Yahu
|
My
father (is) Yahu
|
Same
names w/ Yahu first
|
Yahunatan
|
Yahushua
|
Yahuchanan
|
Yahuel
|
Yahuab
|
Meaning
|
Yahu
(has) given
|
Yahu
(is) salvation
|
Yahu
(has been) gracious
|
Yahu
(is) God
|
Yahu
(is) father
|
First
‘a’ to ‘e,’ ‘u’ to ‘o’
|
Yehonatan
|
Yehoshua
|
Yehochanan
|
Yehoel
|
Yehoab
|
‘e’
lost thru syncope
|
Y’honatan
|
Y’hoshua
|
Y’hochanan
|
Y’hoel
|
Y’hoab
|
‘h’
dropped over time
|
Yonatan
|
Yoshua
|
Yohanan
|
Yoel
|
Yoab
|
I
used for Y, MiddleAges
|
Ionathan
|
Iosua
|
Iohann, Iohn
|
Ioel
|
Ioab
|
New
letter J replaced I
|
Jonathan
|
Joshua
|
Johan, John
|
Joel
|
Joab
|
*Modern English Biblical forms over Anglicized traditional
Hebrew pronunciations
Old Testament proof
Proof exists in the Old Testament that
Yahu was truly G-d's first and
original Name that the ancients knew from the time of Adam – the name of Moses's
mother. “And the name of Amram's wife was
Jochebed, the daughter of Levi, whom her mother bare to Levi in Egypt
Moses’s mother was Jochebed, a
granddaughter of Jacob (Israel 6:16 -18,20).
Jochebed lived around 3,600 years ago in Egypt
Jochebed means “YHWH is glory”91 – chebed
coming from the Hebrew root-word kabed,
meaning “splendor, glory, honor.” The initial letter “J” in her name was anciently
a “Y,” so Jochebed used to be Yochebed. Even earlier, it was Y’hochebed, from Yehochebed. And, long before that, its original form was Yahuchebed.
Since Jochebed was born and given
her particular theoporic name by her parents before the Creator revealed a new Name to her future son,
Moses, that leaves us with but one conclusion: The sacred Name of G-d that the Israelites
knew before the time of Moses was YAHU.
“According to Albright (Assyrian
Cuneiform scholar) and others the most ancient form of the sacred name (outside
of Scripture) is ‘Yahu’. YHW or YHU are indicated by the same letter in
Hebrew.”92 Researcher James Montgomery, in the Journal of Biblical Literature (1944), put the matter to rest: “The
earliest form of the Name was doubtless Yahu.”93
The
meaning of Yahu. If the Four-Lettered Name YHWH means “I AM THAT I AM” and the
Two-Lettered Name YH stands for “I AM,”
what does the Three-Lettered Name YHW
signify?
There are several Biblical names
that similarly end in -hu, other than
those ending in –yahu. Let us examine
three of them.
1) Abihu, a son of Aaron, Moses’s
brother (Ex 6:23 , etc.). Abihu in Hebrew means “My father (Abi) is he (huw).”94
2) Elihu, David’s eldest brother, et al. (1 Chron 27:18, etc.). Elihu signifies “My G-d (Eli) is He (huw).”95
3) Jehu, a prophet of Israel 16:12 , etc.). Jehu stands for “The L-RD (YHWH) is He (huw).”96 (Note that in all three instances the last
letter “w” is lost in personal names. Huw
is written hu in modern Hebrew.)
Based on the foregoing examples,
it follows YAHU means “I AM (Yah) HE (huw).” (The original Hebrew wording Yah huw is never used in ordinary speech. In common usage, “I am
he” is Ani hu.)
Obviously, Yahu is the abbreviation of Yah
huw. Gesenius Hebrew Grammar explains how it happened: “Assimilation
usually takes place when one consonant which closes a syllable passes over into
another beginning the next syllable and forms with it a strengthened letter.”97
In other words, if the last consonant of a syllable is the same as the first
consonant of the succeeding syllable, the two identical consonants are written
as only one letter.
Accordingly, the two words Yah and huw together form Yahhuw,
which becomes Yahuw in conformity
with Hebrew grammar rules, and is further simplified to Yahu, as illustrated below:
Yah
|
+
|
huw
|
=
|
Yahhuw
|
=
|
Yahuw
|
=
|
Yahu
|
(“I
AM”)
|
+
|
(“HE”)
|
=
|
(“I
AM HE”)
|
Allusion by the LORD.
The L-RD alluded to His
Three-Lettered Name on many occasions: “See
now that I, even I, am he…” (Deut 32:39).
“Who
hath wrought and done it, calling the generations from the beginning? I the LORD,
the first, and with the last; I am he” (Isa 41:4).
“Hearken
unto me, O Jacob and Israel
New Testament Proof
YHW appears to have been spoken by
Christ Himself, “Then Judas, having
received a detachment of troops, and officers from the chief priests and
Pharisees, came there with lanterns, torches, and weapons. Jesus therefore,
knowing all things that would come upon Him, went forward and said to them,
"Whom are you seeking?" They answered Him, "Jesus of Nazareth
Why did Judas and the band of men
fall to the ground? What power did the Three-Lettered Name of God have? We see
why in Temple
Translator H. Danby corroborates
this in the Mishnah, a collection of
Jewish legal traditions. “And when the priests and the people which stood in
the Temple Court heard the Expressed Name come forth from the mouth of the High
Priest, they used to kneel and bow themselves and fall down on their faces and
say, ‘Blessed be the name of the glory of his kingdom for ever and ever!’ (Yoma 6:2).”99
Many people get the impression
that the men arresting Christ fell backwards. On the contrary, they fell
forward on their faces in an act of worship! They were from the Temple
Disappearance.
Why is the form Yahu not found in the Bible? Allen says,
“When the Jews were carried into Babylon in 606 B.C.E. many of the personal
names had the element ‘yahu’…”100 Yet, Zevit found that when the
Jews returned from Babylonian captivity 70 years later, the suffix had changed
from -yahu to -yah. “An examination of the chronological distribution of the
suffix in Judean inscriptions indicates that -yhw is characteristically pre-Exilic,
and -yh post-Exilic… Japhet points out that in Ezra-Nehemiah all names with
this element are written -yh with one exception…”101
After Babylon Jerusalem Temple Persia
About 2,000 years later, in
Europe, even the rare names which had the suffix -yahu in the Hebrew text, such as Eliyahu, were transliterated by Bible translators with the more
familiar -iah and -jah suffixes
The 3 Personal Names
of God
Below is a summary of the LORD’s
three Personal Names:
Spelling
|
Pronunciation
|
Meaning
|
Passages
|
Notes
|
Y-H
|
“YaH”
|
“I AM”
|
Ex
|
As in Isaiah or Hallelujah
|
Y-H-W
|
“YaHU”
|
“I AM HE”
|
Isa 41:4, etc. John 18:5-6
|
As in Eliyahu
or Netanyahu
|
Y-H-W-H
|
God’s most sacred Name, known only to
a few.*
|
“I AM THAT
I AM”
|
Ex
|
The “Ineffable Name,” never spoken
aloud
|
_________________________________
62.
|
Sigmund
Mowinchel, “The Name of the Heavenly Father of Moses,” The
|
63.
|
God, Names of, op. cit., col. 679
|
64.
|
Mowinchel,
loc. cit.
|
65.
|
God,
Names of, op. cit., cols.. 679-680
|
66.
|
YHWH,
Names of God, Jewish Encyclopedia,
Internet
|
67.
|
Seow,
loc. cit.
|
68.
|
Herschel
Shanks, “The Tombs of Silwan,” Biblical
Archaeology Review, May-June 1994, p. 48
|
69.
|
P.
Kyle McCarter, “In Private Hands,” Queries & Comments, Biblical Archaeology Review, May-June
1996, p. 26
|
70.
|
Shanks,
“Fingerprint of Jeremiah’s Scribe,” Biblical
Archaeology Review, March-April 1996, p.38
|
71.
|
Shanks,
op. cit., pp. 36-38
|
72.
|
Shanks, “Isaiah’s
Ire,” Biblical Archaeology Review, May-June
1994, pp. 48-49
|
73.
|
The New 20th Century
Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 2nd edition, p. 886
|
74.
|
Ibid.
|
75.
|
“Comments,”
Last Day Ministries, tract, undated
|
76.
|
Seow,
op. cit., p. 49
|
77.
|
George Wesley
Buchanan, “The Tetragrammaton,” Comments & Queries, Biblical Archaelogy Review, March-April 1995, pp. 30,31,100
|
78.
|
Sayce, Ancient
Monuments, The Century Cyclopedia
[1900], p. 75; excerpted by Allen in “How Long Halt Ye Between Two Opinions,”
tract, undated
|
79.
|
Ziony Zevit, Matres Lectionis in Ancient Hebrew Epigraphs,
|
80.
|
Sayce, loc. cit.
|
81.
|
Heiliczer, op. cit., p. 20
|
82.
|
YHWH,
Names of God, op. cit.
|
83.
|
Yahweh,
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th
Edition, Vol. 12
|
84.
|
Sayce, loc. cit.
|
85.
|
Seow,
op. cit., p. 50).
|
86.
|
Heiliczer,
loc. cit.
|
87.
|
Garrison,
Strange Facts About The Bible, p.
81
|
88.
|
Seow,
op. cit., p. 49
|
89.
|
“Ioua/Iona,”
The Oil Derrick, tract, undated, p. 1
|
90.
|
Buchanan,
loc. cit.
|
91.
|
Jochebed,
International Standard Bible
Encyclopaedia, 1996
|
92.
|
“The
Mystic Symbol,” Indian Sabbath Trail, tract, undated
|
93.
|
James
Montgomery, “The Hebrew Divine Name and the Personal Pronoun Hu, Critical Notes, Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol.
lxiii, 1944, p. 162
|
94.
|
Abihu,
International Standard Bible
Encyclopaedia, 1996
|
95.
|
Elihu,
The New Unger's Bible Dictionary, 1988
|
96.
|
Jehu,
Nelson's Illustrated Bible Dictionary,1986
|
97.
|
Gesenius Hebrew Grammar, p. 68
|
98.
|
God,
Names of, op. cit., col. 263
|
99.
|
The
Mishnah,
translated by H. Danby, 1954, p. xiv
|
100.
|
Allen,
op. cit., p. 7
|
101.
|
Zevit, op. cit., pp. 12-13
|
102.
|
Jehucal,
The New Unger's Bible Dictionary, 1988
|
